Anticipated and planned approaches of ecological compensation in Germany: toward a feedback for France?

Abstract

The mitigation hierarchy was introduced in 1976 in the first French and German laws on nature protection. While planned and pooled compensation organizations appeared in Germany at the end of the 1990s, it was not until the beginning of 2010 in France that we observed a shift towards a more pooled (mitigation banks institutionalized in 2016 in the Biodiversity Act) and planned (recent emergence of anticipated land strategies at the regional or local level) compensation organization. However, the type of biodiversity and the implementation modalities targeted by the different modes of compensation organization differ between the two countries. In this article, we put into perspective the German and French ecological compensation systems.