Design, implementation and operation of sand filters

Abstract

In a range from 100 to about 1000 People Equivalent (PE), Secondary Wastewater Sand Filters (SWSF) are used by a lot of rural communities in France. A series of case studies however point out that several criteria concerning global and detailed design and implementation of these systems have to be approached scientifically, in order to obtain the expected results on a long-term basis. The choice of the sand constituting the infiltration bed, core of the biological reactor, is of course one of the key elements and is the main subject of this article. It must have a sufficient initial permeability in order to ensure an adapted infiltration speed, after colonisation by the purifying biomass. The d10, fines content mainly and degree of uniformity control this permeability. The quarry or the aggregate extractor, who masters his production this way, usually gives these elements, based on granulometric analysis. However the adjustment of an infiltration test with clear water is essential to check on site the conformity of the deliveries.