Ecological networks and spatial planning in Germany

Abstract

Recent years have seen a proliferation of conceptual studies for ecological networks in Germany as well as related implementation projects. The notion of ecological networks is enshrined both in German planning legislation and in nature conservation laws. The objective of this contribution is to highlight the interfaces of ecological networks and spatial planning in Germany with regard to legal stipulations, conceptual approaches and practical examples. While this requires an overview of some basic features of Germany’s federal structure and its elaborate system of spatial planning, our main focus is on federal regulations and policies. Where possible, examples are taken from the subnational level, specifically from Bavaria, as Germany’s share of the alpine arc is almost entirely covered by this state. We begin by introducing legal requirements for ecological networks and related technical criteria, concepts and strategies. Then we turn to spatial planning, describing how ecological networks are dealt with in statutory spatial planning. A further section looks at how ecological networks are considered in informal, non-statutory programmes and plans. We conclude with a discussion of achievements and challenges regarding ecological networks and spatial planning in Germany.